Philosophy+Timeline

 Pre-Socrates Scholars consider Lecippus the founder of the atomistic school and speculative thinker of the highest degree. Democrats lived in Abdera in north Grerece. Lecippus and Democrats described atoms as hard and indivisible, with different shapes and sizes, yet invisible to the naked eye. The diferent shapes of the atoms allow them to join together into all kinds of different bodies.

Socrates "Ignorance is the only evil" Socrates believed that happiness came from heading a good life. Scorates believed that he might find out what's right from wrong by asking question (understanding). Socrates was arrested and accused of corrupting young minds and worshipping false gods. Socrates believed laws should be made by the wise.

Plato Knowledge is justified true belief True knowledge cannot be gained through the 5 senses The world we live in is a shadow of the real world, to escape this shadow, you have to go beyond perception. The mind moves through 4 stages to gain knowledge: 1) Imaging,2) Belief, 3) Thinking, 4) Reason/Intuition

Aristotle Aristotle was a Greek Philosopher (382 BC - 322 BC) He was the student of Plato His main idea was Golden Mean, Logic, Reason, and Passion Plato's main interests was the Platonic Realism, the abstract ideas of life, justice, education of family. The main interests of the Aristotle were logic and reason of observation. Plato and Aristotle differ in the philosophy Plato's work were more of metaphysical nature, whereas Aristotle's work was more of self-analysis.

Early Christians Martin Luther Greeks: human need education. Christianity: human need God to save them and most humans deserve to go to hell. Islam, Christianity, and Judaism believe in one God. Church: you should pay money to go to heaven. Luther was monk in German. He translates bible from Latin to German. He worked to change the church authority.

Immanuel Kant His philosophy was called Critical Philosophy Tried to create a middle ground between empiricists and rationalists. Believed we have two types of knowledge, them being a priori (innate) and a posteriori (empirical). Believed a priori knowledge was always universally true, and a posteriori is never universally true. Agreed w/ rationalists that reason could allow you to obtain a lot of knowledge, but disagreed with just how much you could know-agreed w/ empiricists on how empirical knowledge, disagreed w/ their idea that "our knowledge ends with sense experience".

Jeremy Bentham Principle of utility Pleasure and pain are the motivating factors of all human being. 4 sanctions Physical moral political religious

John Miller Human principle son of the famous ricardian economist Individualist.

The Rise of Science Historically ordered. Galileo Galilei was the first to reason the innate knowledge that authority gave him. He compared the masses in space to generate his theories Descartes was also against the fact that knowledge was justified by authority. Hobbes thought of people as initially evil, that they were selfish. Newton mostly thought af the world as being neutral to rationalize his scientific theories.

Empiricism Knowledge comes from the 5 senses emphasizes the importance of experience and direct evidence follows scientific method; philosophy all theories and claims must be tested by observing and preceiving the world Rejects the dea of only gaining knowledge through logic and reason Locke, Hobbes, and Berkely were the main drivers of philosophy.

Existentialists (Kierkegaard and Nietzsche) Rationalists Each person has the liberty to choose what he or she wants to become, not choosing is choosing. Kierkegaard: To exist you have to be aware and perceiving.  we had a relationship with God and fell. This fall caused our alienation, our existence.

John (Husserl and Heidegger) Husserl was known as the "Father of Phenomenology" Philosophy would be a "rigorous" and "unique" science if theorization to a more precise study of simple events It is done through a "categorical intuition" which believes in "phenomenology" and "existentialism" which is based on a combination of both rational and empirical knowledge Husserl is trying to distinguish the transcendence of subject and object, which tells that one can’t define himself or herself as a being but rather we must define ourselves as a “Being”. Heidegger based his philosophy on the works of Edmund Husserl. Heidegger states that "Being" defined as people who are authentic are true to themselves and they are willing to take responsibilities in relation tho while inauthentic people are not true to themselves nor are they willing to take responsibilities Heidegger clarifies that "Being", which states that human is not an object but rather it means the wonder of the relationship of man to "Being". Heidegger uses the term “Dasein” which means you belong to any human being and it’s what makes you authentic or not. Heidegger states that that we as individual humans cannot separate ourselves from the world because we too are beings but we as a sole individual must consider ourselves as “Being” as well. Heidegger states that we as individual humans cannot separate ourselves from the world because we too are beings but we as a sole individual must consider ourselves as “Being” which is well based on the truth of simple events.


 Principle of utility Pleasure and pain are motivating factors of all human being. 4 sanctions (Physical, Political, Moral, Religious) (John Mill) Human Liberty Harm Principle Son of the famous Ricardian economist (James Mill) Individualist